According to the source, "information hygiene" entails 1. consuming "news and information produced by large organizations or news publications," and/or podcasts, newsletters, or blogs at least once a week; 2. "reading or listening to information or opinions from people, media, or organizations" that the respondent disagrees with at least once a week, and/or studying a piece of information that the respondent does not believe in; 3. verifying if a piece of news "is actually true by checking multiple sources of information" several times a week, and/or to using fact-checking websites; 4. never "passing on news and information to others without first checking its accuracy or the integrity of the source."
A "good" level of information hygiene means the respondent met at least three of the four criteria. A "moderate" level means the respondent met two criteria. A "poor" level means the respondent met one or none of the criteria.
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Edelman. (March 18, 2021). Level of information hygiene among internet users in Brazil as of November 2020 [Graph]. In ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾. Retrieved August 13, 2026, from /statistics/1265182/information-hygiene-brazil/
Edelman. "Level of information hygiene among internet users in Brazil as of November 2020." Chart. March 18, 2021. ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾. Accessed August 13, 2026. /statistics/1265182/information-hygiene-brazil/
Edelman. (2021). Level of information hygiene among internet users in Brazil as of November 2020. ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾. ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾 Inc.. Accessed: August 13, 2026. /statistics/1265182/information-hygiene-brazil/
Edelman. "Level of Information Hygiene among Internet Users in Brazil as of November 2020." ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾, ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾 Inc., 18 Mar 2021, /statistics/1265182/information-hygiene-brazil/
Edelman, Level of information hygiene among internet users in Brazil as of November 2020 ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾, /statistics/1265182/information-hygiene-brazil/ (last visited August 13, 2026)
Level of information hygiene among internet users in Brazil as of November 2020 [Graph], Edelman, March 18, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1265182/information-hygiene-brazil/