*Transparency of commercial activity in China, and to a lesser extent in Japan, is limited according to the source. It is assumed that Chinese activity in quantum technology is driven primarily by state-funded research institutions.
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McKinsey & Company. (April 23, 2024). Number of quantum communications startups as of 2023, by country [Graph]. In ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾. Retrieved August 19, 2026, from /statistics/1317977/quantum-communications-startups-number/
McKinsey & Company. "Number of quantum communications startups as of 2023, by country." Chart. April 23, 2024. ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾. Accessed August 19, 2026. /statistics/1317977/quantum-communications-startups-number/
McKinsey & Company. (2024). Number of quantum communications startups as of 2023, by country. ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾. ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾 Inc.. Accessed: August 19, 2026. /statistics/1317977/quantum-communications-startups-number/
McKinsey & Company. "Number of Quantum Communications Startups as of 2023, by Country." ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾, ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾 Inc., 23 Apr 2024, /statistics/1317977/quantum-communications-startups-number/
McKinsey & Company, Number of quantum communications startups as of 2023, by country ÀÖ²¥´«Ã½app×îа汾, /statistics/1317977/quantum-communications-startups-number/ (last visited August 19, 2026)
Number of quantum communications startups as of 2023, by country [Graph], McKinsey & Company, April 23, 2024. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1317977/quantum-communications-startups-number/
