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Over the last decade, the U.S. West Coast had the highest profit of any major refining hub worldwide. In 2021, the average refining margin in the U.S. West Coast hub stood at 14.6 U.S. dollars per barrel. Meanwhile, average margins for the U.S. Gulf Coast Coking and the Rotterdam Complex amounted to 9.8 and 1.9 U.S. dollars per barrel, respectively. Overall, average refining margins worldwide - except for Singapore - experienced a growth in 2021, when compared to the previous year.